ChowChowRankings
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Nicaragua

Nicaragua appears in 609 rankings on this site. Its highest places: #3 of 192 in women in ministerial positions share; #3 of 190 in women in parliament share; #28 of 183 in water resources per capita.

Key facts

Capital
Managua
Continent
North America
Income group
Lower middle income
Population
7.01 million people (2025)
GDP
US$22.24 billion (2025)
GDP per person
US$3,173 (2025)
Life expectancy
75.1 years (2024)
Urban population
59.4% of population (2025)
International tourist arrivals
474,000 arrivals (2020)
CO2 emissions per person
0.83 t CO2e per person (2024)

Every ranking Nicaragua appears in

Countries

RankingRankValue
Countries With the Fastest Decline in Forest area share (5-Year Change)1 of 95−15.2 pts
Countries With the Fastest Decline in Forest area (5-Year Change)1 of 80−37%
Countries Ranked by Women in ministerial positions share3 of 19260% of ministers
Countries Ranked by Women in parliament share3 of 19054.9% of seats
Countries With the Fastest Growth in Remittances received (5-Year Change)11 of 148+211.1%
Lower middle income Countries Ranked by Life expectancy4 of 4775.1 years
Lower middle income Countries Ranked by Female life expectancy4 of 4777.6 years
Countries With the Fastest Decline in Education expenditure share of GDP (5-Year Change)8 of 86−1.6 pts
Countries With the Fastest Growth in Imports of goods and services (5-Year Change)18 of 174+104.4%
Lower middle income Countries Ranked by Male life expectancy5 of 4772.5 years
Countries Ranked by School enrolment (primary) in 201018 of 165119.7% gross
Countries in North America Ranked by Population ages 0-14 share4 of 3428.3% of population
Countries in North America Ranked by Age dependency ratio (young)4 of 3442.9 children under 15 per 100 working-age people
Countries in North America Ranked by Birth rate4 of 3419.1 births per 1,000 people
Countries With the Fastest Growth in Internet users share (5-Year Change)23 of 182+22.4 pts
Countries With the Fastest Growth in Tax revenue share of GDP (5-Year Change)12 of 92+2.67 pts
Countries Ranked by Population ages 0-14 share in 199029 of 21746.1% of population
Countries With the Fastest Growth in GDP (current US$) (5-Year Change)29 of 201+74.7%
Countries With the Fastest Growth in GNI per capita (5-Year Change)27 of 185+57.5%
Countries in North America Ranked by Land area5 of 34120,340 km²
Countries Ranked by Age dependency ratio (young) in 199032 of 21790.1 children under 15 per 100 working-age people
Lower middle income Countries Ranked by Population ages 15-64 share7 of 4766% of population
Countries in North America Ranked by GDP growth rate5 of 334.92% per year
Countries Ranked by Water resources per capita28 of 18323,209 m³ per person
Countries Ranked by Mineral rents share of GDP33 of 2092.68% of GDP
Countries Ranked by Median age proxy (age dependency ratio) in 199036 of 21795.6 dependants per 100 working-age people
Countries Ranked by School enrolment (primary)34 of 193109.5% gross
Countries in North America Ranked by Population growth rate6 of 341.31% per year
Countries in North America Ranked by Surface area6 of 34130,370 km²
Countries in North America Ranked by Fertility rate6 of 342.21 births per woman
Countries With the Fastest Growth in GDP per capita (5-Year Change)35 of 197+63.7%
Countries Ranked by School enrolment (primary) in 202330 of 166109.5% gross
Countries Ranked by Refugee population by origin36 of 197178,380 people
Countries Ranked by Homicide rate28 of 14911.3 per 100,000 people
Countries Ranked by Prevalence of undernourishment34 of 16717.3% of population
Countries Ranked by Renewable energy share47 of 21250.4% of final energy use
Countries With the Fastest Decline in Population ages 0-14 share (5-Year Change)47 of 210−2.11 pts
Countries With the Fastest Growth in Homicide rate (5-Year Change)12 of 53+4.08
Countries Ranked by Remittances received41 of 179US$5.25 billion
Countries With the Fastest Growth in Government revenue share of GDP (5-Year Change)19 of 82+2.67 pts
Countries Ranked by Livestock production index45 of 194126 index (2014-2016 = 100)
Countries in North America Ranked by School enrolment (primary)7 of 30109.5% gross
Countries Ranked by Forest rents share of GDP49 of 2091.14% of GDP
Countries in North America Ranked by Rural population8 of 342.84 million people
Countries in North America Ranked by Forest area8 of 3431,075 km²
Countries Ranked by Pupil-teacher ratio (primary) in 200033 of 14035.7 pupils per teacher
Countries Ranked by Forest area share in 199042 of 17859% of land area
Countries Ranked by GDP growth rate in 201550 of 2114.79% per year
Countries With the Fastest Growth in Male life expectancy (5-Year Change)46 of 193+1.45
Countries With the Fastest Decline in Age dependency ratio (young) (5-Year Change)50 of 197−4.32
Countries in North America Ranked by Agricultural land share8 of 3142.3% of land area
Countries With the Fastest Growth in Life expectancy (5-Year Change)51 of 196+1.34
Countries in North America Ranked by Health expenditure share of GDP6 of 238.3% of GDP
Countries Ranked by GDP growth rate55 of 2104.92% per year
Countries With the Fastest Growth in Female labour force participation (5-Year Change)36 of 137+3.13 pts
Countries Ranked by Inflation rate in 200043 of 1637.07% per year (consumer prices)
Countries in North America Ranked by Population9 of 347.01 million people
Countries With the Fastest Decline in Physicians per 1,000 (5-Year Change)8 of 30−0.228
Countries Ranked by Health expenditure share of GDP in 201552 of 1917.96% of GDP
Countries Ranked by Pupil-teacher ratio (primary) in 201038 of 13930.2 pupils per teacher
Countries Ranked by Forest area share in 200057 of 20750.7% of land area
Lower middle income Countries Ranked by Female population share13 of 4750.8% of population
Countries Ranked by Agriculture value added share of GDP55 of 19814.5% of GDP
Countries Ranked by Industry value added share of GDP56 of 20129.3% of GDP
Countries Ranked by Gross savings rate46 of 16328.5% of GNI
Countries Ranked by Inflation rate in 202051 of 1793.68% per year (consumer prices)
Countries in North America Ranked by Labour force participation rate6 of 2166.1% of population 15+
Countries Ranked by Age dependency ratio (young) in 200062 of 21771.8 children under 15 per 100 working-age people
Countries Ranked by Labour force participation rate54 of 18766.1% of population 15+
Countries Ranked by Population ages 0-14 share in 200063 of 21740.3% of population
Countries Ranked by Crop production index57 of 195119.4 index (2014-2016 = 100)
Countries Ranked by Health expenditure share of GDP in 201055 of 1887.71% of GDP
Countries in North America Ranked by Urban population10 of 344.17 million people
Countries Ranked by Health expenditure share of GDP57 of 1938.3% of GDP
Countries Ranked by Health expenditure share of GDP in 202357 of 1928.3% of GDP
Lower middle income Countries Ranked by Population ages 65+ share14 of 475.7% of population
Lower middle income Countries Ranked by Age dependency ratio (old)14 of 478.63 people 65+ per 100 working-age people
Countries Ranked by Labour force participation rate in 202355 of 18465.9% of population 15+
Countries Ranked by Median age proxy (age dependency ratio) in 200065 of 21778 dependants per 100 working-age people
Countries Ranked by Inflation rate in 201057 of 1885.46% per year (consumer prices)
Countries Ranked by GDP growth rate in 202362 of 2044.43% per year
Countries Ranked by Female population share in 199066 of 21751% of population
Lower middle income Countries Ranked by Labour force participation rate14 of 4666.1% of population 15+
Countries Ranked by Inflation rate in 202354 of 1778.39% per year (consumer prices)
Countries With the Fastest Growth in Population ages 15-64 share (5-Year Change)37 of 121+1.57 pts
Countries With the Fastest Growth in Access to clean cooking fuels (5-Year Change)38 of 123+6 pts
Countries Ranked by Labour force participation rate in 202058 of 18764.4% of population 15+
Countries Ranked by Health expenditure share of GDP in 202060 of 1938.56% of GDP
Countries Ranked by Inflation rate in 201559 of 1894% per year (consumer prices)
Countries With the Fastest Growth in Mobile subscriptions per 100 (5-Year Change)46 of 147+16.7
Countries Ranked by Birth rate in 199068 of 21736.6 births per 1,000 people
Countries Ranked by Female population share in 201568 of 21750.9% of population
Countries Ranked by Female population share in 202068 of 21750.8% of population
Countries With the Fastest Decline in Refugee population by asylum (5-Year Change)42 of 133−83.5%
Countries Ranked by Female population share in 202369 of 21750.8% of population
Lower middle income Countries Ranked by Urban population share15 of 4759.4% of population
Lower middle income Countries Ranked by GDP per capita15 of 47US$3,173 per person
Countries Ranked by Maternal mortality ratio in 200062 of 194213 deaths per 100,000 live births
Countries With the Fastest Growth in GDP PPP (5-Year Change)62 of 194+57.9%
Lower middle income Countries Ranked by GDP per capita PPP15 of 469,284 international $ (PPP) per person
Countries Ranked by Female population share in 201072 of 21750.9% of population
Countries Ranked by Population ages 0-14 share in 201072 of 21734.2% of population
Countries Ranked by Age dependency ratio (young) in 201072 of 21755.7 children under 15 per 100 working-age people
Countries Ranked by Population ages 0-14 share in 201572 of 21732.2% of population
Countries Ranked by Age dependency ratio (young) in 201572 of 21751 children under 15 per 100 working-age people
Countries in North America Ranked by Arable land share10 of 3012.5% of land area
Countries in North America Ranked by Maternal mortality ratio8 of 2460 deaths per 100,000 live births
Countries Ranked by GDP growth rate in 202070 of 210-2.24% per year
Countries Ranked by Female population share73 of 21750.8% of population
Countries Ranked by Median age proxy (age dependency ratio) in 201073 of 21762.9 dependants per 100 working-age people
Countries Ranked by Tax revenue share of GDP48 of 14220.1% of GDP
Countries With the Fastest Growth in Female life expectancy (5-Year Change)65 of 192+1.16
Countries Ranked by Forest area in 201573 of 21450,019 km²
Countries Ranked by Forest area in 202073 of 21448,913 km²
Countries Ranked by Arable land share in 200069 of 20215.9% of land area
Countries Ranked by Labour force participation rate in 201564 of 18765.1% of population 15+
Countries Ranked by Children out of school (primary)62 of 18153,481 children
Countries Ranked by Forest area in 201072 of 20951,125 km²
Countries Ranked by Maternal mortality ratio in 199067 of 194281 deaths per 100,000 live births
Countries Ranked by Population ages 15-64 share75 of 21766% of population
Countries Ranked by Birth rate in 200075 of 21727.9 births per 1,000 people
Countries Ranked by Birth rate in 201075 of 21724.3 births per 1,000 people
Countries Ranked by Forest area in 200072 of 20761,057 km²
Countries Ranked by Gross capital formation rate61 of 17525.8% of GDP
Countries Ranked by Female population share in 200076 of 21750.9% of population
Countries in North America Ranked by GDP PPP11 of 3165.06 billion international $ (PPP)
Countries Ranked by Fertility rate in 199077 of 2174.6 births per woman
Countries Ranked by Population ages 0-14 share in 202077 of 21730.4% of population
Countries Ranked by Age dependency ratio (young) in 202077 of 21747.2 children under 15 per 100 working-age people
Countries Ranked by Pupil-teacher ratio (primary) in 199039 of 10933.3 pupils per teacher
Countries Ranked by Forest area in 199064 of 17870,989 km²
Countries With the Fastest Growth in Rule of law score (5-Year Change)41 of 114+8.55
Countries With the Fastest Growth in Exports of goods and services (5-Year Change)60 of 166+74.1%
Countries Ranked by Infant mortality rate in 199071 of 19656.8 deaths per 1,000 live births
Countries With the Fastest Growth in GDP per capita PPP (5-Year Change)70 of 193+48%
Countries Ranked by Diabetes prevalence76 of 20910.4% of people 20-79
Countries Ranked by Forest area share in 201076 of 20942.5% of land area
Countries Ranked by Birth rate79 of 21719.1 births per 1,000 people
Countries Ranked by Population ages 0-14 share in 202379 of 21729.2% of population
Countries Ranked by Forest area share in 201578 of 21441.6% of land area
Countries With the Fastest Decline in Infant mortality rate (5-Year Change)60 of 164−3.2
Countries Ranked by Population growth rate80 of 2171.31% per year
Countries Ranked by Population ages 0-14 share80 of 21728.3% of population
Countries Ranked by Median age proxy (age dependency ratio) in 201580 of 21758.4 dependants per 100 working-age people
Countries Ranked by Birth rate in 201580 of 21722.4 births per 1,000 people
Countries Ranked by Birth rate in 202080 of 21720.5 births per 1,000 people
Countries Ranked by Age dependency ratio (young) in 202380 of 21744.6 children under 15 per 100 working-age people
Countries Ranked by Birth rate in 202380 of 21719.4 births per 1,000 people
Countries Ranked by Trade share of GDP68 of 18496.5% of GDP
Countries Ranked by Manufacturing value added share of GDP72 of 19412.6% of GDP
Countries Ranked by Under-5 mortality rate in 199073 of 19668.6 deaths per 1,000 live births
Countries Ranked by Age dependency ratio (young)81 of 21742.9 children under 15 per 100 working-age people
Countries Ranked by Forest area share in 202080 of 21440.6% of land area
Countries Ranked by Mobile subscriptions per 100 in 201578 of 207118.1 per 100 people
Countries Ranked by Debt service share of exports45 of 11916.5% of exports and primary income
Countries Ranked by Labour force participation rate in 201071 of 18763.6% of population 15+
Countries in North America Ranked by Rural population share13 of 3440.6% of population
Countries Ranked by Fertility rate in 200083 of 2173.12 births per woman
Lower middle income Countries Ranked by GDP growth rate18 of 474.92% per year
Countries Ranked by Protected terrestrial area share83 of 21321.2% of land area
Countries Ranked by PM2.5 air pollution exposure78 of 20020.4 µg/m³ (mean annual exposure)
Countries Ranked by Natural resource rents share of GDP82 of 2093.84% of GDP
Countries Ranked by Population growth rate in 199085 of 2162.34% per year
Countries With the Fastest Decline in Median age proxy (age dependency ratio) (5-Year Change)48 of 121−3.7
Countries Ranked by Maternal mortality ratio in 201077 of 19496 deaths per 100,000 live births
Countries Ranked by Population growth rate in 202387 of 2171.37% per year
Lower middle income Countries Ranked by GNI per capita19 of 47US$2,850 per person
Countries Ranked by Official exchange rate85 of 21036.6 local currency units per US$
Countries Ranked by Maternal mortality ratio in 201579 of 19481 deaths per 100,000 live births
Countries Ranked by Arable land share84 of 20612.5% of land area
Countries in North America Ranked by Inflation rate9 of 222.08% per year (consumer prices)
Countries in North America Ranked by Median age proxy (age dependency ratio)14 of 3451.5 dependants per 100 working-age people
Countries Ranked by Arable land share in 201084 of 20412.9% of land area
Countries With the Fastest Decline in Under-5 mortality rate (5-Year Change)68 of 165−3.1
Countries Ranked by Rural population share90 of 21740.6% of population
Countries Ranked by FDI inflows84 of 202US$1.5 billion
Countries Ranked by School enrolment (primary) in 200057 of 137103.3% gross
Countries Ranked by Agricultural land share in 202387 of 20942.3% of land area
Countries Ranked by Unemployment rate in 201078 of 1877.83% of labour force
Countries Ranked by Arable land share in 201586 of 20612.5% of land area
Countries Ranked by Fertility rate in 201091 of 2172.6 births per woman
Countries Ranked by Rural population share in 202391 of 21740.9% of population
Countries Ranked by Population ages 15-64 share in 202391 of 21765.4% of population
Countries Ranked by Arable land share in 202087 of 20612.5% of land area
Countries Ranked by Maternal mortality ratio in 202082 of 19487 deaths per 100,000 live births
Countries Ranked by Agricultural land share89 of 21042.3% of land area
Countries Ranked by Population growth rate in 202092 of 2171.25% per year
Countries Ranked by Forest area91 of 21431,075 km²
Countries Ranked by Time to start a business (days)81 of 190546 days
Countries Ranked by Forest area in 202391 of 21331,075 km²
Countries Ranked by Rural population93 of 2172.84 million people
Countries Ranked by Fertility rate93 of 2172.21 births per woman
Countries in North America Ranked by Labour force size9 of 213.32 million people
Countries Ranked by Fertility rate in 201593 of 2172.43 births per woman
Countries Ranked by Fertility rate in 202393 of 2172.22 births per woman
Countries Ranked by Education expenditure share of GDP in 202073 of 1704.58% of GDP
Countries Ranked by Protected marine area share75 of 1743.6% of territorial waters
Countries Ranked by Agricultural land share in 201090 of 20842.2% of land area
Countries Ranked by Population growth rate in 201094 of 2171.42% per year
Countries Ranked by Rural population share in 202094 of 21741.3% of population
Countries Ranked by Fertility rate in 202094 of 2172.3 births per woman
Countries Ranked by Agricultural land share in 202091 of 21042.3% of land area
Countries Ranked by Infant mortality rate in 200085 of 19631.6 deaths per 1,000 live births
Countries Ranked by Agricultural land share in 200090 of 20642.7% of land area
Countries Ranked by Population growth rate in 201595 of 2171.36% per year
Countries Ranked by Rural population in 202095 of 2172.71 million people
Countries Ranked by Rural population in 202395 of 2172.79 million people
Countries Ranked by Agricultural land share in 201592 of 21042.2% of land area
Countries Ranked by Arable land share in 199076 of 17310.8% of land area
Countries in North America Ranked by Female population share15 of 3450.8% of population
Countries Ranked by Under-5 mortality rate in 200087 of 19637.1 deaths per 1,000 live births
Countries Ranked by Fish production96 of 21676,170 metric tons
Lower middle income Countries Ranked by Arable land share21 of 4712.5% of land area
Countries Ranked by Rural population in 201597 of 2172.59 million people
Countries With the Fastest Growth in Labour force participation rate (5-Year Change)60 of 134+1.71 pts
Countries Ranked by Maternal mortality ratio87 of 19460 deaths per 100,000 live births
Countries Ranked by Surface area in 200096 of 214130,370 km²
Countries Ranked by Surface area in 201096 of 214130,370 km²
Countries Ranked by Under-5 mortality rate in 201088 of 19623.2 deaths per 1,000 live births
Countries Ranked by Surface area in 201597 of 216130,370 km²
Countries Ranked by Health expenditure share of GDP in 200083 of 1845.24% of GDP
Countries in North America Ranked by CO2 emissions (total)14 of 315.74 Mt CO2e
Countries Ranked by Rural population in 201098 of 2172.48 million people
Countries Ranked by Rural population share in 201598 of 21742.2% of population
Countries Ranked by Surface area in 199096 of 212130,370 km²
Countries Ranked by Surface area98 of 216130,370 km²
Countries Ranked by Surface area in 202098 of 216130,370 km²
Countries Ranked by Infant mortality rate in 201089 of 19620.1 deaths per 1,000 live births
Countries in North America Ranked by GDP (current US$)15 of 33US$22.24 billion
Countries Ranked by Urban population in 199099 of 2172.23 million people
Countries Ranked by Land area99 of 216120,340 km²
Countries Ranked by Land area in 201599 of 216120,340 km²
Countries Ranked by Land area in 202099 of 216120,340 km²
Countries Ranked by Land area in 200096 of 209120,340 km²
Countries Ranked by Land area in 201097 of 211120,340 km²
Countries Ranked by Land area in 202399 of 215120,340 km²
Countries With the Fastest Growth in Labour force size (5-Year Change)78 of 168+12.9%
Countries Ranked by Lending interest rate53 of 1149.16%
Countries Ranked by Urban population in 2000101 of 2172.77 million people
Countries Ranked by Education expenditure share of GDP in 201064 of 1374.48% of GDP
Countries With the Fastest Growth in GDP growth rate (5-Year Change)90 of 192+7.16 pts
Countries With the Fastest Growth in Access to electricity (rural) (5-Year Change)39 of 83+7 pts
Countries Ranked by Male life expectancy102 of 21772.5 years
Countries Ranked by Rural population share in 2010102 of 21743.2% of population
Countries Ranked by Male life expectancy in 2023102 of 21772.3 years
Countries Ranked by GDP growth rate in 201099 of 2104.41% per year
Countries Ranked by External debt stocks58 of 122US$15.99 billion
Lower middle income Countries Ranked by Female labour force participation22 of 4651.3% of female population 15+
Countries Ranked by Rural population in 2000104 of 2172.25 million people
Countries Ranked by Urban population in 2010104 of 2173.26 million people
Countries Ranked by Unemployment rate in 200090 of 1877.18% of labour force
Countries Ranked by Land area in 199087 of 180120,340 km²
Countries Ranked by Population growth rate in 2000105 of 2171.38% per year
Countries Ranked by Rural population share in 2000105 of 21744.8% of population
Countries Ranked by Median age proxy (age dependency ratio) in 2020105 of 21755.2 dependants per 100 working-age people
Countries Ranked by Oil rents share of GDP96 of 1970.021% of GDP
Countries Ranked by Methane emissions99 of 20310.5 Mt CO2e
Countries Ranked by Life expectancy106 of 21775.1 years
Countries Ranked by Life expectancy in 2023106 of 21774.9 years
Countries With the Fastest Growth in Population (5-Year Change)87 of 178+6.74%
Lower middle income Countries Ranked by Forest area share23 of 4725.8% of land area
Countries Ranked by Urban population share in 1990107 of 21753.5% of population
Countries Ranked by Urban population in 2015107 of 2173.56 million people
Countries Ranked by Population108 of 2177.01 million people
Countries Ranked by Population in 2023108 of 2176.82 million people
Countries Ranked by Urban population in 2023108 of 2174.03 million people
Countries Ranked by School enrolment (tertiary) in 199040 of 807.32% gross
Countries Ranked by Urban population109 of 2174.17 million people
Countries Ranked by Population in 2000109 of 2175.02 million people
Countries Ranked by Population in 2010109 of 2175.74 million people
Countries Ranked by Population in 2020109 of 2176.57 million people
Countries Ranked by Urban population in 2020109 of 2173.85 million people
Countries With the Fastest Decline in Tourism arrivals (5-Year Change)71 of 141−67.4%
Countries Ranked by Rural population in 1990110 of 2171.94 million people
Countries With the Fastest Decline in Birth rate (5-Year Change)106 of 209−1.67
Countries With the Fastest Growth in FDI inflows (5-Year Change)62 of 122+101.3%
Countries With the Fastest Decline in Maternal mortality ratio (5-Year Change)79 of 155−7
Countries Ranked by Rural population share in 1990111 of 21746.5% of population
Countries Ranked by Population in 2015111 of 2176.15 million people
Countries Ranked by Male life expectancy in 2015111 of 21770.1 years
Countries Ranked by Unemployment rate in 202096 of 1876.18% of labour force
Countries Ranked by Population in 1990112 of 2174.16 million people
Countries With the Fastest Growth in Rural population (5-Year Change)61 of 118+4.82%
Countries Ranked by GDP growth rate in 2000103 of 1994.1% per year
Countries Ranked by Female life expectancy113 of 21777.6 years
Countries Ranked by Urban population share in 2000113 of 21755.2% of population
Countries Ranked by Population ages 15-64 share in 2020113 of 21764.4% of population
Countries Ranked by Female life expectancy in 2023113 of 21777.4 years
Lower middle income Countries Ranked by Unemployment rate24 of 465.04% of labour force
Countries Ranked by Low-birthweight babies share82 of 15710.1% of births
Countries Ranked by Under-5 mortality rate in 2015103 of 19617.2 deaths per 1,000 live births
Countries With the Fastest Decline in Suicide mortality rate (5-Year Change)59 of 112−0.61
Countries With the Fastest Decline in Inflation rate (5-Year Change)29 of 55−1.6 pts
Countries Ranked by Life expectancy in 2015115 of 21772.9 years
Countries With the Fastest Growth in Urban population (5-Year Change)97 of 183+8.08%
Countries Ranked by Infant mortality rate in 2015104 of 19615 deaths per 1,000 live births
Countries Ranked by Under-5 mortality rate in 2023104 of 19613.8 deaths per 1,000 live births
Countries Ranked by Male life expectancy in 2010116 of 21768.8 years
Countries Ranked by Unemployment rate100 of 1875.04% of labour force
Countries Ranked by Infant mortality rate in 2023105 of 19612 deaths per 1,000 live births

Sources

Figures: World Bank (CC BY 4.0), each with its year; capital, currency, languages and continent: Wikidata (CC0). Each ranking names its own source and licence. Sources & licences.