ChowChowRankings
English

Sweden

Sweden appears in 650 rankings on this site. Its highest places: #3 of 109 in researchers in r&d per million; #6 of 217 in male life expectancy; #6 of 205 in control of corruption score.

Key facts

Capital
Stockholm
Continent
Europe
Income group
High income
Population
10.6 million people (2025)
GDP
US$669 billion (2025)
GDP per person
US$63,133 (2025)
Life expectancy
84.1 years (2024)
Urban population
89.1% of population (2025)
International tourist arrivals
1.96 million arrivals (2020)
CO2 emissions per person
3.57 t CO2e per person (2024)

Weather

Forecasts and climate for Stockholm are on Purr Weather, another ChowChow Labs site.

Largest cities

Every ranking Sweden appears in

Countries

RankingRankValue
Countries Ranked by Mobile subscriptions per 100 in 19901 of 2075.4 per 100 people
Countries Ranked by Population ages 65+ share in 19903 of 21717.8% of population
Countries Ranked by Age dependency ratio (old) in 19903 of 21727.7 people 65+ per 100 working-age people
Countries Ranked by Age dependency ratio (old) in 20003 of 21726.8 people 65+ per 100 working-age people
Countries Ranked by Population ages 65+ share in 20004 of 21717.3% of population
Countries Ranked by Nurses and midwives per 1,000 in 19901 of 4613.3 per 1,000 people
Countries Ranked by Internet users share in 19905 of 2080.584% of population
Countries in Europe Ranked by Education expenditure share of GDP1 of 417.32% of GDP
Countries Ranked by Internet users share in 20105 of 20190% of population
Countries Ranked by School enrolment (secondary) in 20154 of 155137.5% gross
Countries Ranked by GDP per capita in 19905 of 192US$30,549 per person
Countries Ranked by Researchers in R&D per million3 of 1098,911 per million people
Countries Ranked by Male life expectancy6 of 21782.6 years
Countries Ranked by Age dependency ratio (old) in 20106 of 21728.1 people 65+ per 100 working-age people
Countries Ranked by Corruption / control of corruption score6 of 20522.3 score (-2.5 to 2.5)
Countries Ranked by Women in ministerial positions share6 of 19252.2% of ministers
Countries Ranked by Health expenditure per capita in 20156 of 191US$5,626 per person
Countries Ranked by Life expectancy in 19907 of 21777.5 years
Countries Ranked by Population ages 65+ share in 20107 of 21718.3% of population
Countries Ranked by R&D expenditure share of GDP4 of 1193.6% of GDP
Countries Ranked by School enrolment (secondary) in 20205 of 145136.4% gross
Countries Ranked by GNI per capita in 19906 of 168US$27,760 per person
Countries Ranked by Internet users share in 20007 of 19645.7% of population
Countries Ranked by Male life expectancy in 19908 of 21774.8 years
Countries Ranked by Mobile subscriptions per 100 in 20008 of 20471.8 per 100 people
Countries Ranked by School enrolment (secondary)7 of 178132% gross
Countries Ranked by Voice and accountability score8 of 20317.3 score (-2.5 to 2.5)
Countries Ranked by School enrolment (secondary) in 20236 of 147134.2% gross
Countries Ranked by Gender parity index (school enrolment)7 of 1691.07 index (girls to boys)
Countries Ranked by Life expectancy9 of 21784.1 years
Countries Ranked by Male life expectancy in 20009 of 21777.4 years
Countries Ranked by Age dependency ratio (old) in 20159 of 21731.3 people 65+ per 100 working-age people
Countries in Europe Ranked by Forest area2 of 48279,340 km²
Countries in Europe Ranked by Forest area share2 of 4868.6% of land area
Countries in Europe Ranked by School enrolment (primary)2 of 45114.9% gross
Countries With the Fastest Decline in Corruption / control of corruption score (5-Year Change)4 of 90−22.1
Countries Ranked by GNI per capita in 20109 of 198US$54,380 per person
Countries Ranked by Human capital index8 of 1740.795 index (0-1)
Countries Ranked by Population ages 65+ share in 201510 of 21719.7% of population
Countries Ranked by GNI per capita in 20009 of 194US$31,600 per person
Countries Ranked by Health expenditure per capita in 20209 of 193US$6,031 per person
Countries Ranked by Nurses and midwives per 1,000 in 20106 of 12711.6 per 1,000 people
Countries Ranked by GNI per capita in 201510 of 201US$57,900 per person
Countries Ranked by Female life expectancy in 199011 of 21780.4 years
Countries Ranked by Life expectancy in 200011 of 21779.6 years
Countries Ranked by Male life expectancy in 202311 of 21781.7 years
Countries Ranked by Health expenditure share of GDP in 201510 of 19110.9% of GDP
Countries Ranked by Regulatory quality score11 of 20518.9 score (-2.5 to 2.5)
Countries Ranked by School enrolment (primary) in 20209 of 164119.5% gross
Countries With the Fastest Decline in Rule of law score (5-Year Change)5 of 91−19.9
Countries Ranked by Nurses and midwives per 1,000 in 20005 of 8910.3 per 1,000 people
Countries Ranked by Tax revenue share of GDP8 of 14227.2% of GDP
Countries Ranked by Government effectiveness score12 of 20517.6 score (-2.5 to 2.5)
High income Countries Ranked by Forest area5 of 84279,340 km²
Countries Ranked by Female life expectancy in 200013 of 21782 years
Countries Ranked by Male life expectancy in 201013 of 21779.5 years
Countries Ranked by Male life expectancy in 202013 of 21780.6 years
Countries Ranked by Education expenditure share of GDP in 201510 of 1647.49% of GDP
Countries Ranked by Nurses and midwives per 1,000 in 20159 of 14411.7 per 1,000 people
Countries Ranked by Male life expectancy in 201514 of 21780.4 years
Countries Ranked by Health expenditure per capita in 200012 of 184US$2,173 per person
Countries Ranked by GDP per capita in 201014 of 213US$52,543 per person
Countries Ranked by Rule of law score14 of 20517.6 score (-2.5 to 2.5)
Countries Ranked by GDP per capita in 200014 of 204US$29,633 per person
Countries Ranked by Life expectancy in 202315 of 21783.3 years
Countries Ranked by Education expenditure share of GDP13 of 1877.32% of GDP
Countries Ranked by Internet users share in 201514 of 20190.6% of population
Countries Ranked by GNI per capita in 202014 of 201US$54,590 per person
High income Countries Ranked by Male life expectancy6 of 8682.6 years
Countries Ranked by Education expenditure share of GDP in 202012 of 1707.95% of GDP
High income Countries Ranked by Forest area share6 of 8468.6% of land area
Countries Ranked by Health expenditure per capita14 of 193US$6,485 per person
Countries Ranked by Health expenditure per capita in 202314 of 191US$6,206 per person
Countries Ranked by Age dependency ratio (old) in 202016 of 21732.2 people 65+ per 100 working-age people
Countries Ranked by Hospital beds per 10,000 in 199011 of 149124 beds per 10,000 people
Countries Ranked by Secure internet servers per million in 201516 of 2124,208 per million people
Countries Ranked by Bank accounts share (adults)11 of 14598.6% of people 15+
Countries Ranked by Nurses and midwives per 1,00015 of 19511.7 per 1,000 people
Countries Ranked by Health expenditure share of GDP15 of 19311.2% of GDP
Countries Ranked by Health expenditure share of GDP in 202315 of 19211.2% of GDP
Countries Ranked by Female life expectancy17 of 21785.6 years
Countries Ranked by Life expectancy in 202017 of 21782.4 years
Countries Ranked by Women in parliament share15 of 19045% of seats
Countries Ranked by Health expenditure per capita in 201015 of 188US$4,391 per person
Countries Ranked by Fixed broadband subscriptions per 100 in 201016 of 19932 per 100 people
Countries Ranked by Secure internet servers per million in 201017 of 2111,201 per million people
Countries in Europe Ranked by Male life expectancy4 of 4982.6 years
Countries Ranked by School enrolment (primary) in 201514 of 171119.6% gross
Countries Ranked by Physicians per 1,000 in 201510 of 1224.17 physicians per 1,000 people
Countries With the Fastest Growth in Secure internet servers per million (5-Year Change)16 of 195+29,409
Countries Ranked by Household consumption per capita14 of 16925,438 constant 2015 US$ per person
Countries Ranked by Life expectancy in 201018 of 21781.5 years
Countries With the Fastest Growth in Researchers in R&D per million (5-Year Change)5 of 60+1,485
Countries Ranked by GNI per capita17 of 201US$63,010 per person
Countries With the Fastest Growth in Renewable energy share (5-Year Change)10 of 118+7 pts
Countries Ranked by GNI per capita in 202317 of 200US$60,540 per person
Countries Ranked by GDP per capita in 202018 of 210US$52,569 per person
Countries Ranked by Internet users share in 202016 of 18494.5% of population
Countries Ranked by Life expectancy in 201519 of 21782.2 years
Countries Ranked by GDP (current US$) in 199017 of 192US$261.47 billion
Countries Ranked by Forest area share19 of 21468.6% of land area
Countries Ranked by Forest area share in 202019 of 21468.6% of land area
Countries Ranked by Forest area share in 202319 of 21368.6% of land area
Countries Ranked by GDP per capita in 201519 of 212US$51,188 per person
Countries Ranked by Fixed broadband subscriptions per 100 in 20004 of 442.81 per 100 people
Countries Ranked by Physicians per 1,000 in 201012 of 1313.81 physicians per 1,000 people
Countries Ranked by Age dependency ratio (old) in 202320 of 21733 people 65+ per 100 working-age people
Countries Ranked by GDP (current US$) in 200019 of 204US$262.9 billion
Countries Ranked by Forest area share in 201520 of 21468.7% of land area
Countries Ranked by Fixed broadband subscriptions per 100 in 202019 of 20140.4 per 100 people
Countries Ranked by GDP per capita20 of 211US$63,133 per person
Countries Ranked by GDP per capita PPP in 202019 of 19957,396 international $ (PPP) per person
Countries Ranked by Forest area share in 201020 of 20968.9% of land area
Countries Ranked by School enrolment (primary) in 202316 of 166115% gross
Countries Ranked by Forest area share in 200020 of 20769.1% of land area
Countries Ranked by GDP per capita PPP in 199018 of 18620,357 international $ (PPP) per person
Countries Ranked by Population ages 65+ share in 202021 of 21720.1% of population
Countries With the Fastest Decline in Armed forces personnel (5-Year Change)6 of 61−50.9%
Countries Ranked by GDP (current US$) in 201021 of 213US$492.75 billion
Countries Ranked by Fixed broadband subscriptions per 100 in 201520 of 20235.7 per 100 people
Countries Ranked by Nurses and midwives per 1,000 in 202013 of 12911.4 per 1,000 people
Countries Ranked by Education expenditure share of GDP in 200012 of 1196.74% of GDP
Countries Ranked by Age dependency ratio (old)22 of 21733.5 people 65+ per 100 working-age people
Countries Ranked by Net migration22 of 21747,079 people
Countries Ranked by Forest area22 of 214279,340 km²
Countries Ranked by Forest area in 202322 of 213279,340 km²
Countries Ranked by School enrolment (primary)20 of 193114.9% gross
Countries Ranked by GDP (current US$) in 201522 of 212US$501.6 billion
Countries in Europe Ranked by Land area5 of 48407,270 km²
Countries in Europe Ranked by Surface area5 of 48528,860 km²
High income Countries Ranked by Surface area9 of 86528,860 km²
High income Countries Ranked by Life expectancy9 of 8684.1 years
Countries Ranked by Female life expectancy in 202323 of 21785 years
Countries Ranked by Physicians per 1,00020 of 1874.41 physicians per 1,000 people
Countries Ranked by Secure internet servers per million in 202323 of 21552,996 per million people
Countries Ranked by Forest area in 201523 of 214279,800 km²
Countries Ranked by Forest area in 202023 of 214279,340 km²
Countries Ranked by GDP per capita PPP in 200021 of 19429,636 international $ (PPP) per person
Countries Ranked by Health expenditure share of GDP in 202021 of 19311.4% of GDP
Countries Ranked by Education expenditure share of GDP in 201015 of 1376.56% of GDP
Countries Ranked by GDP (current US$) in 202023 of 210US$544.27 billion
Countries Ranked by Forest area in 201023 of 209280,730 km²
Countries Ranked by Internet users share21 of 19095.8% of population
Countries Ranked by Female life expectancy in 201024 of 21783.5 years
Countries Ranked by Female life expectancy in 201524 of 21784.1 years
Countries in Europe Ranked by School enrolment (secondary)5 of 45132% gross
High income Countries Ranked by Youth unemployment rate7 of 6324.3% of labour force aged 15-24
Countries Ranked by Forest area in 200023 of 207281,630 km²
Countries Ranked by Secure internet servers per million24 of 21555,097 per million people
Countries Ranked by Fixed broadband subscriptions per 100 in 202319 of 16940.7 per 100 people
Countries in Europe Ranked by Health expenditure share of GDP5 of 4411.2% of GDP
Countries Ranked by GDP per capita PPP in 201023 of 20141,951 international $ (PPP) per person
Countries Ranked by Female life expectancy in 202025 of 21784.2 years
Countries Ranked by Fixed broadband subscriptions per 10024 of 20840.6 per 100 people
Countries Ranked by GDP per capita PPP in 201523 of 19948,763 international $ (PPP) per person
Countries Ranked by Internet users share in 202321 of 18195.7% of population
High income Countries Ranked by Land area10 of 86407,270 km²
Countries Ranked by Physicians per 1,000 in 202016 of 1364.32 physicians per 1,000 people
Countries Ranked by GDP (current US$) in 202324 of 204US$578.99 billion
Countries Ranked by GDP per capita in 202324 of 204US$54,950 per person
Countries Ranked by Forest area share in 199021 of 17868.9% of land area
Countries Ranked by GDP (current US$)25 of 211US$669 billion
Countries Ranked by Population ages 65+ share in 202326 of 21720.5% of population
Countries Ranked by Access to clean water18 of 15099.8% of population (safely managed)
Countries Ranked by School enrolment (tertiary)19 of 15784% gross
Countries Ranked by Scientific articles published24 of 19721,244 articles
Countries in Europe Ranked by Male population share6 of 4950.4% of population
Countries in Europe Ranked by Median age proxy (age dependency ratio)6 of 4960.3 dependants per 100 working-age people
Countries in Europe Ranked by Life expectancy6 of 4984.1 years
Countries Ranked by Forest area in 199022 of 178280,630 km²
Countries Ranked by School enrolment (tertiary) in 201017 of 13673.1% gross
Countries Ranked by FDI inflows26 of 202US$17.26 billion
Countries With the Fastest Decline in Government effectiveness score (5-Year Change)12 of 93−17.6
Countries Ranked by Physicians per 1,000 in 199018 of 1383.25 physicians per 1,000 people
Countries Ranked by GDP per capita PPP26 of 19972,529 international $ (PPP) per person
Countries Ranked by GDP per capita PPP in 202326 of 19768,458 international $ (PPP) per person
Countries Ranked by Population ages 65+ share29 of 21720.9% of population
Countries Ranked by Urban population share in 199029 of 21783.4% of population
Countries Ranked by Energy use per capita20 of 1494,329 kg of oil equivalent per person
High income Countries Ranked by Median age proxy (age dependency ratio)12 of 8660.3 dependants per 100 working-age people
Countries Ranked by Secure internet servers per million in 202030 of 21432,740 per million people
High income Countries Ranked by Unemployment rate9 of 638.69% of labour force
Countries in Europe Ranked by Female labour force participation6 of 4161.5% of female population 15+
Countries Ranked by Patent applications (residents)21 of 1401,851 applications
Countries Ranked by Exports of goods and services28 of 184US$356.1 billion
Countries Ranked by Imports of goods and services28 of 184US$341.9 billion
Countries Ranked by Completion rate (lower secondary)27 of 17399.7% of relevant age group
Countries Ranked by School enrolment (tertiary) in 202320 of 12881.4% gross
Countries Ranked by Access to sanitation23 of 14495.4% of population (safely managed)
Countries Ranked by Account ownership (female) share23 of 14397.6% of women 15+
Countries Ranked by Urban population share35 of 21789.1% of population
Countries in Europe Ranked by Urban population share8 of 4989.1% of population
Countries Ranked by Urban population share in 200036 of 21784% of population
Countries in Europe Ranked by Mobile subscriptions per 1008 of 47140.7 per 100 people
Countries Ranked by Refugee population by asylum30 of 1761.66 million people
Countries in Europe Ranked by Youth unemployment rate7 of 4124.3% of labour force aged 15-24
Countries Ranked by GDP PPP in 199033 of 186174.23 billion international $ (PPP)
Countries Ranked by Mobile subscriptions per 10038 of 210140.7 per 100 people
Countries Ranked by Alcohol consumption per capita34 of 1879.57 litres of pure alcohol per person 15+
Countries in Europe Ranked by Age dependency ratio (young)9 of 4926.8 children under 15 per 100 working-age people
Countries Ranked by GDP PPP in 200036 of 194262.93 billion international $ (PPP)
Countries Ranked by Youth unemployment rate35 of 18724.3% of labour force aged 15-24
Countries Ranked by School enrolment (tertiary) in 202025 of 13379.1% gross
Countries Ranked by Renewable energy share40 of 21257.9% of final energy use
Countries Ranked by GDP PPP in 201038 of 201393.42 billion international $ (PPP)
High income Countries Ranked by Female labour force participation12 of 6361.5% of female population 15+
Countries Ranked by GDP PPP in 201538 of 199477.84 billion international $ (PPP)
Countries Ranked by GDP PPP in 202038 of 199594.25 billion international $ (PPP)
Countries With the Fastest Decline in Population growth rate (5-Year Change)28 of 146−0.468 pts
Countries Ranked by FDI outflows35 of 182US$7.36 billion
Countries Ranked by Female labour force participation in 202036 of 18760.6% of female population 15+
Countries Ranked by Suicide mortality rate36 of 18513.8 per 100,000 people
Countries in Europe Ranked by Unemployment rate8 of 418.69% of labour force
Countries Ranked by Education expenditure share of GDP in 199010 of 515.22% of GDP
High income Countries Ranked by Female life expectancy17 of 8685.6 years
Countries Ranked by Cereal yield36 of 1795,242 kg per hectare
Countries Ranked by New businesses registered34 of 16946,622 new limited liability companies
Countries Ranked by Water resources per capita37 of 18316,306 m³ per person
Countries Ranked by GDP PPP in 202340 of 197721.32 billion international $ (PPP)
Countries in Europe Ranked by Population ages 0-14 share10 of 4916.7% of population
Countries in Europe Ranked by Female life expectancy10 of 4985.6 years
Countries Ranked by GDP PPP41 of 199768.56 billion international $ (PPP)
Countries With the Fastest Decline in Air passengers carried (5-Year Change)20 of 97−62%
Countries Ranked by Access to clean cooking fuels40 of 192100% of population
Countries Ranked by Female labour force participation in 199039 of 18762.8% of female population 15+
Countries Ranked by Gross savings rate34 of 16330.6% of GNI
Countries Ranked by Physicians per 1,000 in 200022 of 1053.03 physicians per 1,000 people
Countries Ranked by Remittances received38 of 179US$5.41 billion
Countries Ranked by Rail lines (total km)18 of 849,714 km
High income Countries Ranked by GDP (current US$)18 of 84US$669 billion
Countries Ranked by Air passengers carried35 of 16319.56 million passengers
Countries Ranked by School enrolment (secondary) in 201032 of 149102.3% gross
Countries Ranked by Mobile subscriptions per 100 in 202337 of 172140.3 per 100 people
Countries Ranked by Health expenditure share of GDP in 200040 of 1847.33% of GDP
Countries Ranked by Protected marine area share38 of 17416.1% of territorial waters
Countries Ranked by Completion rate (primary)38 of 17399.8% of relevant age group
Countries With the Fastest Growth in Trade share of GDP (5-Year Change)29 of 132+19.9 pts
Countries Ranked by Mineral rents share of GDP46 of 2091% of GDP
High income Countries Ranked by Urban population19 of 869.44 million people
Countries Ranked by CO2 emissions (total) in 199045 of 20357.1 Mt CO2e
Countries in Europe Ranked by GNI per capita10 of 45US$63,010 per person
Countries Ranked by Youth unemployment rate in 201042 of 18724.8% of labour force aged 15-24
High income Countries Ranked by GNI per capita17 of 75US$63,010 per person
Countries in Europe Ranked by School enrolment (tertiary)10 of 4484% gross
Countries Ranked by Female labour force participation in 202342 of 18461.7% of female population 15+
Countries Ranked by Female labour force participation43 of 18761.5% of female population 15+
Countries Ranked by Urban population in 199050 of 2177.14 million people
Countries Ranked by Surface area50 of 216528,860 km²
Countries Ranked by Surface area in 201550 of 216528,450 km²
Countries Ranked by Surface area in 202050 of 216528,860 km²
Countries Ranked by CO2 emissions (total) in 200047 of 20358 Mt CO2e
Countries With the Fastest Decline in Trademark applications (5-Year Change)32 of 138−81.1%
High income Countries Ranked by Age dependency ratio (old)20 of 8633.5 people 65+ per 100 working-age people
Countries Ranked by Youth unemployment rate in 202343 of 18421.9% of labour force aged 15-24
Countries Ranked by Services value added share of GDP47 of 20167% of GDP
High income Countries Ranked by GDP per capita20 of 84US$63,133 per person
Countries in Europe Ranked by Labour force participation rate10 of 4164.6% of population 15+
High income Countries Ranked by Population21 of 8610.6 million people
Countries Ranked by Male population share53 of 21750.4% of population
Countries Ranked by Health expenditure share of GDP in 201046 of 1888.32% of GDP
Countries in Europe Ranked by Urban population12 of 499.44 million people
Countries Ranked by Female labour force participation in 201546 of 18760.6% of female population 15+
Countries Ranked by Male population share in 202354 of 21750.4% of population
Countries in Europe Ranked by GDP (current US$)12 of 48US$669 billion
Countries Ranked by Mobile subscriptions per 100 in 201052 of 207117.2 per 100 people
Countries Ranked by Mobile subscriptions per 100 in 201552 of 207129 per 100 people
Countries Ranked by Surface area in 200054 of 214447,420 km²
Countries Ranked by Surface area in 201054 of 214447,420 km²
Countries Ranked by Death rate in 201055 of 2179.6 deaths per 1,000 people
Countries Ranked by Surface area in 199054 of 212447,420 km²
High income Countries Ranked by Male population share22 of 8650.4% of population
Countries Ranked by Unemployment rate48 of 1878.69% of labour force
Countries Ranked by School enrolment (tertiary) in 201538 of 14766.4% gross
Countries Ranked by Political stability score53 of 2058.34 score (-2.5 to 2.5)
Countries Ranked by Government revenue share of GDP37 of 14233% of GDP
Countries in Europe Ranked by Nurses and midwives per 1,00011 of 4211.7 per 1,000 people
Countries Ranked by Death rate in 201558 of 2179.3 deaths per 1,000 people
Countries Ranked by Male population share in 202058 of 21750.3% of population
Countries Ranked by Labour force participation rate in 199050 of 18767% of population 15+
Countries in Europe Ranked by Labour force size11 of 415.7 million people
Countries Ranked by Land area in 201057 of 211407,340 km²
Countries Ranked by GDP growth rate in 201557 of 2114.39% per year
Countries in Europe Ranked by GDP per capita13 of 48US$63,133 per person
Countries Ranked by Urban population in 200059 of 2177.46 million people
Countries Ranked by Death rate in 200059 of 21710.5 deaths per 1,000 people
Countries in Europe Ranked by Health expenditure per capita12 of 44US$6,485 per person
Countries in Europe Ranked by Internet users share12 of 4495.8% of population
Countries Ranked by Land area in 200057 of 209407,340 km²
Countries Ranked by Land area59 of 216407,270 km²
Countries Ranked by Land area in 201559 of 216407,310 km²
Countries Ranked by Land area in 202059 of 216407,280 km²
Countries Ranked by Land area in 202359 of 215407,270 km²
Countries Ranked by CO2 emissions (total) in 201056 of 20352.9 Mt CO2e
Countries Ranked by Air freight45 of 162324.8 million ton-km
Countries Ranked by Land area in 199050 of 180407,340 km²
Countries Ranked by Female labour force participation in 201052 of 18759% of female population 15+
High income Countries Ranked by Age dependency ratio (young)24 of 8626.8 children under 15 per 100 working-age people
Countries Ranked by Death rate in 199061 of 21711.1 deaths per 1,000 people
Countries Ranked by Urban population in 201061 of 2177.98 million people
Countries With the Fastest Growth in Pupil-teacher ratio (primary) (5-Year Change)18 of 64+2.59

Sources

Figures: World Bank (CC BY 4.0), each with its year; capital, currency, languages and continent: Wikidata (CC0). Each ranking names its own source and licence. Sources & licences.