ChowChowRankings
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Germany

Germany appears in 648 rankings on this site. Its highest places: #2 of 177 in tourism receipts; #3 of 211 in gdp (current us$); #3 of 184 in exports of goods and services.

Key facts

Capital
Berlin
Continent
Europe
Income group
High income
Population
83.49 million people (2025)
GDP
US$5.05 trillion (2025)
GDP per person
US$60,496 (2025)
Life expectancy
80.8 years (2024)
Urban population
82.1% of population (2025)
International tourist arrivals
12.45 million arrivals (2020)
CO2 emissions per person
6.94 t CO2e per person (2024)

Weather

Forecasts and climate for Berlin, Essen, Munich are on Purr Weather, another ChowChow Labs site.

Largest cities

Every ranking Germany appears in

Countries

RankingRankValue
Countries Ranked by Tourism receipts2 of 177US$58.37 billion
Countries Ranked by Population ages 65+ share in 20103 of 21720.6% of population
Countries Ranked by Age dependency ratio (old) in 20103 of 21731.3 people 65+ per 100 working-age people
Countries Ranked by GDP (current US$)3 of 211US$5.05 trillion
Countries Ranked by GDP (current US$) in 20003 of 204US$1.97 trillion
Countries Ranked by GDP (current US$) in 20233 of 204US$4.56 trillion
Countries Ranked by GDP (current US$) in 19903 of 192US$1.78 trillion
Countries Ranked by GDP PPP in 19903 of 1861.55 trillion international $ (PPP)
Countries Ranked by Exports of goods and services3 of 184US$2.04 trillion
Countries Ranked by Imports of goods and services3 of 184US$1.92 trillion
Countries Ranked by GDP (current US$) in 20104 of 213US$3.47 trillion
Countries Ranked by GDP (current US$) in 20154 of 212US$3.43 trillion
Countries Ranked by GDP (current US$) in 20204 of 210US$3.94 trillion
Countries Ranked by FDI inflows4 of 202US$95.19 billion
Countries Ranked by Scientific articles published4 of 197108,780 articles
Countries Ranked by GDP PPP in 20004 of 1942.26 trillion international $ (PPP)
Countries in Europe Ranked by GDP (current US$)1 of 48US$5.05 trillion
Countries Ranked by Refugee population by asylum4 of 17618.15 million people
Countries in Europe Ranked by Health expenditure share of GDP1 of 4412.3% of GDP
Countries Ranked by Population ages 65+ share in 20155 of 21721.1% of population
Countries Ranked by Age dependency ratio (old) in 20155 of 21732 people 65+ per 100 working-age people
Countries With the Fastest Decline in Net migration (5-Year Change)3 of 128−537,540
High income Countries Ranked by GDP (current US$)2 of 84US$5.05 trillion
Countries Ranked by CO2 emissions (total) in 19905 of 2031,013 Mt CO2e
Countries Ranked by GDP PPP in 20105 of 2013.25 trillion international $ (PPP)
Countries Ranked by GDP PPP in 20155 of 1993.97 trillion international $ (PPP)
Countries Ranked by GDP PPP in 20205 of 1994.88 trillion international $ (PPP)
Countries Ranked by FDI outflows5 of 182US$108.13 billion
Countries Ranked by Hospital beds per 10,000 in 20154 of 14380.9 beds per 10,000 people
Countries Ranked by CO2 emissions (total) in 20006 of 203871.4 Mt CO2e
Countries Ranked by CO2 emissions (total) in 20106 of 203815 Mt CO2e
Countries Ranked by CO2 emissions (total) in 20156 of 203784.9 Mt CO2e
Countries Ranked by GDP PPP6 of 1996.3 trillion international $ (PPP)
Countries Ranked by GDP PPP in 20236 of 1976.02 trillion international $ (PPP)
Countries Ranked by Air freight5 of 16212,767 million ton-km
Countries Ranked by Alcohol consumption per capita6 of 18711.8 litres of pure alcohol per person 15+
Countries Ranked by Urban population in 19907 of 21763.56 million people
Countries Ranked by CO2 emissions (total) in 20207 of 203642.1 Mt CO2e
Countries With the Fastest Growth in Secure internet servers per million (5-Year Change)7 of 195+74,140
Countries Ranked by Population ages 65+ share8 of 21723.7% of population
Countries in Europe Ranked by Population2 of 4983.49 million people
Countries in Europe Ranked by Urban population2 of 4968.58 million people
Countries Ranked by Age dependency ratio (old)9 of 21738 people 65+ per 100 working-age people
Countries Ranked by Urban population in 20009 of 21765.85 million people
Countries Ranked by Population ages 65+ share in 20209 of 21721.8% of population
Countries Ranked by Population ages 65+ share in 20239 of 21722.8% of population
Countries Ranked by Women in ministerial positions share8 of 19250% of ministers
Countries Ranked by Secure internet servers per million in 20209 of 21497,518 per million people
Countries Ranked by Patent applications (residents)6 of 14040,085 applications
Countries Ranked by Hospital beds per 10,000 in 20004 of 9391.6 beds per 10,000 people
Countries Ranked by Health expenditure share of GDP in 20008 of 1849.76% of GDP
Countries in Europe Ranked by GDP PPP2 of 446.3 trillion international $ (PPP)
Countries Ranked by Hospital beds per 10,000 in 20206 of 13277.7 beds per 10,000 people
Countries Ranked by Hospital beds per 10,0007 of 15375.5 beds per 10,000 people
Countries Ranked by Population ages 65+ share in 199010 of 21714.9% of population
Countries Ranked by Age dependency ratio (old) in 199010 of 21721.5 people 65+ per 100 working-age people
Countries Ranked by Population ages 65+ share in 200010 of 21716.5% of population
High income Countries Ranked by Population4 of 8683.49 million people
High income Countries Ranked by Urban population4 of 8668.58 million people
High income Countries Ranked by Rural population4 of 8614.91 million people
Countries Ranked by Health expenditure share of GDP9 of 19312.3% of GDP
Countries Ranked by Health expenditure share of GDP in 20209 of 19312.5% of GDP
Countries Ranked by Health expenditure share of GDP in 20239 of 19211.7% of GDP
Countries Ranked by Fixed broadband subscriptions per 100 in 20238 of 16945.4 per 100 people
Countries Ranked by Health expenditure share of GDP in 20109 of 18810.8% of GDP
Countries Ranked by Internet users share in 199010 of 2080.126% of population
Countries Ranked by Labour force size in 19909 of 18738.77 million people
Countries in Europe Ranked by Labour force size2 of 4143.55 million people
Countries Ranked by Health expenditure per capita in 20009 of 184US$2,336 per person
Countries Ranked by CO2 emissions (total)10 of 203579.9 Mt CO2e
Countries Ranked by CO2 emissions (total) in 202310 of 203589.7 Mt CO2e
Countries in Europe Ranked by CO2 emissions (total)2 of 40579.9 Mt CO2e
Countries Ranked by Age dependency ratio (old) in 200011 of 21724.2 people 65+ per 100 working-age people
Countries Ranked by Urban population in 201011 of 21765.67 million people
Countries Ranked by Age dependency ratio (old) in 202011 of 21733.9 people 65+ per 100 working-age people
Countries Ranked by Age dependency ratio (old) in 202311 of 21736 people 65+ per 100 working-age people
Countries Ranked by Secure internet servers per million11 of 215152,110 per million people
Countries Ranked by Secure internet servers per million in 202311 of 215139,970 per million people
Countries Ranked by Health expenditure per capita10 of 193US$6,849 per person
High income Countries Ranked by GDP PPP4 of 746.3 trillion international $ (PPP)
Countries Ranked by Hospital beds per 10,000 in 20234 of 7375.5 beds per 10,000 people
Countries Ranked by Population in 199012 of 21779.43 million people
Countries Ranked by Population in 200012 of 21782.21 million people
Countries Ranked by Urban population in 201512 of 21765.92 million people
Countries Ranked by Urban population in 202012 of 21767.75 million people
Countries Ranked by Hospital beds per 10,000 in 20108 of 14483.4 beds per 10,000 people
Countries Ranked by Remittances received10 of 179US$23.9 billion
Countries Ranked by Health expenditure per capita in 202011 of 193US$5,907 per person
Countries Ranked by Protected marine area share10 of 17445.3% of territorial waters
Countries Ranked by Health expenditure share of GDP in 201511 of 19110.9% of GDP
Countries Ranked by Health expenditure per capita in 202311 of 191US$6,395 per person
Countries Ranked by Fixed broadband subscriptions per 10012 of 20845.6 per 100 people
Countries Ranked by Labour force size in 200011 of 18740.21 million people
Countries Ranked by Internet users share in 201012 of 20182% of population
Countries Ranked by Fixed broadband subscriptions per 100 in 202012 of 20143.3 per 100 people
Countries Ranked by Urban population13 of 21768.58 million people
Countries Ranked by Urban population in 202313 of 21768.22 million people
Countries in Europe Ranked by Rural population3 of 4914.91 million people
Countries Ranked by Nurses and midwives per 1,00012 of 19512.3 per 1,000 people
Countries Ranked by Access to clean cooking fuels12 of 192100% of population
Countries With the Fastest Decline in Income share of poorest 10% (5-Year Change)1 of 16−0.7 pts
Countries Ranked by Corruption / control of corruption score13 of 20518.3 score (-2.5 to 2.5)
High income Countries Ranked by Labour force size4 of 6343.55 million people
Countries With the Fastest Decline in Government effectiveness score (5-Year Change)6 of 93−19.1
Countries Ranked by Health expenditure per capita in 201513 of 191US$4,606 per person
Countries Ranked by Voice and accountability score14 of 20316.1 score (-2.5 to 2.5)
Countries Ranked by Death rate in 202315 of 21712.3 deaths per 1,000 people
Countries Ranked by Labour force size in 201013 of 18741.86 million people
Countries Ranked by Account ownership (female) share10 of 14398.9% of women 15+
Countries Ranked by Secure internet servers per million in 201515 of 2124,298 per million people
Countries Ranked by Rail lines (total km)6 of 8433,401 km
Countries Ranked by Rule of law score15 of 20517.1 score (-2.5 to 2.5)
Countries Ranked by Death rate16 of 21712.1 deaths per 1,000 people
Countries Ranked by Population in 201016 of 21781.78 million people
Countries Ranked by Fixed broadband subscriptions per 100 in 201515 of 20237.4 per 100 people
Countries Ranked by Health expenditure per capita in 201014 of 188US$4,592 per person
Countries Ranked by Labour force size in 202014 of 18743.37 million people
Countries in Europe Ranked by Hospital beds per 10,0003 of 4075.5 beds per 10,000 people
Countries Ranked by Fixed broadband subscriptions per 100 in 201015 of 19932.4 per 100 people
Countries Ranked by GNI per capita in 199013 of 168US$21,360 per person
Countries Ranked by GDP per capita in 199015 of 192US$22,386 per person
Countries Ranked by Population in 201517 of 21781.69 million people
Countries Ranked by Labour force size15 of 18743.55 million people
Countries Ranked by Physicians per 1,00015 of 1874.53 physicians per 1,000 people
Countries Ranked by Labour force size in 201515 of 18742.69 million people
Countries Ranked by GDP per capita PPP in 202016 of 19958,705 international $ (PPP) per person
Countries Ranked by Labour force size in 202315 of 18443.77 million people
Countries Ranked by Trademark applications13 of 159783,040 applications
Countries Ranked by GNI per capita in 200016 of 194US$26,380 per person
Countries Ranked by Cereal yield15 of 1796,791 kg per hectare
Countries Ranked by R&D expenditure share of GDP10 of 1193.15% of GDP
Countries Ranked by Protected terrestrial area share18 of 21339.2% of land area
Countries Ranked by Nurses and midwives per 1,000 in 202011 of 12912.3 per 1,000 people
Countries Ranked by GNI per capita in 201017 of 198US$45,530 per person
Countries Ranked by Air passengers carried14 of 16380.2 million passengers
Countries Ranked by Population19 of 21783.49 million people
Countries Ranked by Population in 202019 of 21783.16 million people
Countries Ranked by Population in 202319 of 21783.29 million people
Countries Ranked by Regulatory quality score18 of 20516 score (-2.5 to 2.5)
Countries With the Fastest Decline in Corruption / control of corruption score (5-Year Change)8 of 90−21.7
Countries Ranked by Secure internet servers per million in 201019 of 2111,049 per million people
Countries Ranked by Physicians per 1,000 in 201511 of 1224.12 physicians per 1,000 people
Countries Ranked by Nurses and midwives per 1,000 in 201513 of 14411 per 1,000 people
High income Countries Ranked by Arable land share7 of 7733.4% of land area
Countries Ranked by Population ages 15-64 share in 199020 of 21769% of population
High income Countries Ranked by Population ages 65+ share8 of 8623.7% of population
Countries Ranked by Mobile subscriptions per 100 in 200019 of 20458.9 per 100 people
Countries Ranked by Access to clean water14 of 15099.9% of population (safely managed)
Countries Ranked by Physicians per 1,000 in 202013 of 1364.44 physicians per 1,000 people
Countries Ranked by Container port traffic16 of 16613.29 million TEU
Countries Ranked by Arable land share in 199017 of 17334.3% of land area
Countries Ranked by GNI per capita20 of 201US$60,200 per person
Countries Ranked by GNI per capita in 202020 of 201US$48,540 per person
Countries Ranked by GNI per capita in 202320 of 200US$55,420 per person
Countries Ranked by Tourism arrivals20 of 19612.45 million arrivals
Countries Ranked by Arable land share in 201021 of 20434% of land area
Countries Ranked by GNI per capita in 201521 of 201US$46,590 per person
Countries Ranked by Internet users share in 201521 of 20187.6% of population
High income Countries Ranked by Age dependency ratio (old)9 of 8638 people 65+ per 100 working-age people
Countries With the Fastest Decline in Energy use per capita (5-Year Change)9 of 85−19.5%
Countries Ranked by Household consumption per capita18 of 16924,108 constant 2015 US$ per person
Countries Ranked by Arable land share22 of 20633.4% of land area
Countries Ranked by Arable land share in 201522 of 20634% of land area
Countries Ranked by Arable land share in 202022 of 20633.4% of land area
Countries Ranked by Internet users share in 200021 of 19630.2% of population
Countries Ranked by Arable land share in 202322 of 20533.4% of land area
Countries Ranked by Arable land share in 200022 of 20233.8% of land area
Countries Ranked by GDP per capita23 of 211US$60,496 per person
Countries Ranked by GDP per capita in 202023 of 210US$47,395 per person
Countries Ranked by Death rate in 201524 of 21711.3 deaths per 1,000 people
Countries Ranked by GDP per capita PPP in 202322 of 19772,262 international $ (PPP) per person
Countries Ranked by Hospital beds per 10,000 in 199017 of 149104 beds per 10,000 people
Countries Ranked by Physicians per 1,000 in 201015 of 1313.76 physicians per 1,000 people
Countries Ranked by Female life expectancy in 200025 of 21781 years
Countries Ranked by GDP per capita PPP23 of 19975,407 international $ (PPP) per person
High income Countries Ranked by Death rate10 of 8612.1 deaths per 1,000 people
Countries Ranked by Bank accounts share (adults)17 of 14598.3% of people 15+
Countries Ranked by GDP per capita in 200024 of 204US$23,926 per person
Countries Ranked by GDP per capita PPP in 199022 of 18619,468 international $ (PPP) per person
Countries Ranked by Female population share in 199026 of 21751.7% of population
Countries Ranked by Rural population in 199026 of 21715.88 million people
Countries Ranked by GDP per capita PPP in 201524 of 19948,567 international $ (PPP) per person
Countries in Europe Ranked by Population ages 65+ share6 of 4923.7% of population
Countries in Europe Ranked by Age dependency ratio (old)6 of 4938 people 65+ per 100 working-age people
Countries Ranked by Life expectancy in 200027 of 21777.9 years
Countries Ranked by Death rate in 202027 of 21711.9 deaths per 1,000 people
Countries Ranked by Access to sanitation18 of 14496.8% of population (safely managed)
Countries Ranked by Nurses and midwives per 1,000 in 201016 of 12710.2 per 1,000 people
Countries Ranked by GDP per capita in 202326 of 204US$54,777 per person
Countries in Europe Ranked by Secure internet servers per million6 of 47152,110 per million people
Countries Ranked by Researchers in R&D per million14 of 1095,926 per million people
Countries With the Fastest Growth in Gini index (5-Year Change)3 of 23+2.4
Countries Ranked by Rural population in 201029 of 21716.11 million people
Countries With the Fastest Growth in Age dependency ratio (old) (5-Year Change)25 of 186+4.06
Countries Ranked by Electricity access rate29 of 215100% of population
Countries With the Fastest Growth in Median age proxy (age dependency ratio) (5-Year Change)13 of 96+4.93
Countries Ranked by GDP per capita in 201529 of 212US$41,930 per person
Countries Ranked by Access to electricity (rural)29 of 211100% of rural population
Countries Ranked by Female life expectancy in 199030 of 21778.4 years
Countries Ranked by Rural population in 200030 of 21716.37 million people
Countries Ranked by Male life expectancy in 200030 of 21775 years
Countries Ranked by GDP per capita in 201030 of 213US$42,397 per person
Countries Ranked by Government effectiveness score29 of 20513 score (-2.5 to 2.5)
Countries in Europe Ranked by Median age proxy (age dependency ratio)7 of 4960.2 dependants per 100 working-age people
Countries Ranked by Rural population in 201531 of 21715.77 million people
Countries Ranked by Human capital index25 of 1740.751 index (0-1)
Countries in Europe Ranked by Land area7 of 48349,430 km²
Countries in Europe Ranked by Surface area7 of 48357,680 km²
Countries in Europe Ranked by Forest area7 of 48114,810 km²
Countries Ranked by Nurses and midwives per 1,000 in 200013 of 898.83 per 1,000 people
Countries Ranked by Life expectancy in 199032 of 21775.1 years
Countries Ranked by New businesses registered25 of 16975,775 new limited liability companies
Countries Ranked by GDP per capita PPP in 201030 of 20139,714 international $ (PPP) per person
Countries Ranked by GDP per capita PPP in 200029 of 19427,474 international $ (PPP) per person
High income Countries Ranked by Median age proxy (age dependency ratio)13 of 8660.2 dependants per 100 working-age people
High income Countries Ranked by Land area13 of 86349,430 km²
High income Countries Ranked by Surface area13 of 86357,680 km²
Countries in Europe Ranked by Fixed broadband subscriptions per 1007 of 4645.6 per 100 people
Countries Ranked by Mobile subscriptions per 100 in 199032 of 2070.343 per 100 people
High income Countries Ranked by Forest area13 of 84114,810 km²
Countries With the Fastest Decline in Population ages 15-64 share (5-Year Change)15 of 96−1.98 pts
Countries Ranked by Manufacturing value added share of GDP31 of 19417.6% of GDP
Countries Ranked by Annual freshwater withdrawals29 of 18125.8 billion m³
Countries Ranked by Urban population share in 199035 of 21780% of population
Countries Ranked by Life expectancy in 201035 of 21780 years
Countries Ranked by Rural population in 202035 of 21715.41 million people
Countries Ranked by Life expectancy in 202035 of 21781 years
Countries Ranked by Male life expectancy in 202035 of 21778.7 years
Countries Ranked by Rural population in 202335 of 21715.07 million people
Countries Ranked by Physicians per 1,000 in 200017 of 1053.26 physicians per 1,000 people
Countries Ranked by Rural population36 of 21714.91 million people
Countries Ranked by Female life expectancy in 202036 of 21783.5 years
Countries Ranked by Female life expectancy in 201037 of 21782.6 years
Countries Ranked by Male life expectancy in 201037 of 21777.5 years
Countries Ranked by CO2 emissions per capita35 of 2036.94 t CO2e per person
High income Countries Ranked by Agricultural land share14 of 8047.4% of land area
Countries Ranked by Male life expectancy in 199038 of 21771.9 years
Countries With the Fastest Growth in Death rate (5-Year Change)21 of 118+0.8
Countries Ranked by School enrolment (secondary) in 201027 of 149104.9% gross
Countries in Europe Ranked by Health expenditure per capita8 of 44US$6,849 per person
Countries Ranked by Methane emissions37 of 20355.5 Mt CO2e
Countries Ranked by Male life expectancy in 201540 of 21778.3 years
Countries Ranked by Female life expectancy in 202340 of 21783.5 years
Countries With the Fastest Decline in Rule of law score (5-Year Change)17 of 91−16.4
Countries Ranked by Urban population share in 200041 of 21780.1% of population
Countries Ranked by Population ages 15-64 share in 200041 of 21767.9% of population
Countries Ranked by Death rate in 201041 of 21710.5 deaths per 1,000 people
Countries Ranked by Life expectancy in 201541 of 21780.6 years
Countries Ranked by Female life expectancy in 201541 of 21783.1 years
Countries Ranked by Internet users share in 202035 of 18489.8% of population
Countries in Europe Ranked by Nurses and midwives per 1,0008 of 4212.3 per 1,000 people
Countries Ranked by Internet users share38 of 19093.5% of population
Countries in Europe Ranked by Arable land share9 of 4533.4% of land area
Countries Ranked by Internet users share in 202337 of 18192.5% of population
Countries Ranked by Population density in 199037 of 180227.5 people per km²
Countries Ranked by Armed forces personnel35 of 170183,000 personnel
Countries Ranked by Life expectancy in 202345 of 21781 years
Countries Ranked by Male life expectancy in 202346 of 21778.7 years
Countries Ranked by Population density in 200045 of 209235.6 people per km²
Countries Ranked by Male life expectancy47 of 21778.5 years
Countries Ranked by Population density in 201046 of 211234.6 people per km²
Countries Ranked by School enrolment (tertiary) in 202328 of 12878.6% gross
Countries Ranked by ATMs per 100,000 adults39 of 17870.9 per 100,000 adults
Countries Ranked by Life expectancy48 of 21780.8 years
Countries With the Fastest Decline in CO2 emissions (total) (5-Year Change)20 of 89−16.7%
Countries Ranked by Female life expectancy49 of 21783.2 years
Countries Ranked by Forest area49 of 214114,810 km²
Countries Ranked by Forest area in 202049 of 214114,570 km²
Countries in Europe Ranked by Population density11 of 48239 people per km²
Countries Ranked by Forest area in 202349 of 213114,720 km²
Countries in Europe Ranked by Physicians per 1,00010 of 434.53 physicians per 1,000 people
Countries Ranked by Forest area in 201550 of 214114,330 km²
Countries Ranked by School enrolment (tertiary)37 of 15776.7% gross
Countries Ranked by Population density in 201551 of 216234.2 people per km²
Countries Ranked by Suicide mortality rate44 of 18512.9 per 100,000 people
Countries Ranked by School enrolment (tertiary) in 201535 of 14768.2% gross
Countries Ranked by Forest area in 201050 of 209114,090 km²
Countries Ranked by Urban population share52 of 21782.1% of population
Countries Ranked by Death rate in 199052 of 21711.6 deaths per 1,000 people
Countries Ranked by Female population share in 201052 of 21751.3% of population
Countries Ranked by Education expenditure share of GDP in 202041 of 1705.52% of GDP
Countries Ranked by Forest area in 200050 of 207113,540 km²
Countries Ranked by Female population share in 200053 of 21751.3% of population
Countries With the Fastest Decline in Hospital beds per 10,000 (5-Year Change)19 of 77−3.9
Countries With the Fastest Decline in Bank branches per 100,000 adults (5-Year Change)35 of 140−4.5
Countries Ranked by Population density in 202055 of 216238 people per km²
Countries Ranked by School enrolment (tertiary) in 202034 of 13372.4% gross
Countries Ranked by Immunisation (measles) rate50 of 19396% of children 12-23 months
Countries With the Fastest Growth in Population ages 65+ share (5-Year Change)53 of 203+1.86 pts
Countries Ranked by Energy use per capita39 of 1492,874 kg of oil equivalent per person
Countries Ranked by Forest area in 199047 of 178113,000 km²
Countries Ranked by Population density in 202357 of 215238.4 people per km²
Countries With the Fastest Growth in Nurses and midwives per 1,000 (5-Year Change)30 of 113+0.94
Countries in Europe Ranked by GNI per capita12 of 45US$60,200 per person
High income Countries Ranked by GNI per capita20 of 75US$60,200 per person
Countries With the Fastest Growth in Poverty headcount ratio (5-Year Change)4 of 15+0.5 pts
Countries Ranked by Population density58 of 216239 people per km²
Countries Ranked by Mobile subscriptions per 100 in 202056 of 207128.4 per 100 people
Countries in Europe Ranked by GDP per capita PPP12 of 4475,407 international $ (PPP) per person
High income Countries Ranked by GDP per capita23 of 84US$60,496 per person

Sources

Figures: World Bank (CC BY 4.0), each with its year; capital, currency, languages and continent: Wikidata (CC0). Each ranking names its own source and licence. Sources & licences.